Memory cells

ABSTRACT

A memory cell includes a select device and a capacitor electrically coupled in series with the select device. The capacitor includes two conductive capacitor electrodes having ferroelectric material there-between. The capacitor has an intrinsic current leakage path from one of the capacitor electrodes to the other through the ferroelectric material. There is a parallel current leakage path from the one capacitor electrode to the other. The parallel current leakage path is circuit-parallel the intrinsic path and of lower total resistance than the intrinsic path. Other aspects are disclosed.

RELATED PATENT DATA

This patent resulted from a divisional application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/623,749, filed Feb. 17, 2015, entitled “Memory Cells”, naming Kamal M. Karda, Qian Tao, Durai Vishak Nirmal Ramaswamy, Haitao Liu, Kirk D. Prall, and Ashonita Chavan as inventors, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

Embodiments disclosed herein pertain to memory cells.

BACKGROUND

Memory is one type of integrated circuitry, and is used in computer systems for storing data. Memory may be fabricated in one or more arrays of individual memory cells. Memory cells may be written to, or read from, using digit lines (which may also be referred to as bit lines, data lines, sense lines, or data/sense lines) and access lines (which may also be referred to as word lines). The digit lines may conductively interconnect memory cells along columns of the array, and the access lines may conductively interconnect memory cells along rows of the array. Each memory cell may be uniquely addressed through the combination of a digit line and an access line.

Memory cells may be volatile or non-volatile. Non-volatile memory cells can store data for extended periods of time including when the computer is turned off. Volatile memory dissipates and therefore requires being refreshed/rewritten, in many instances multiple times per second. Regardless, memory cells are configured to retain or store memory in at least two different selectable states. In a binary system, the states are considered as either a “0” or a “1”. In other systems, at least some individual memory cells may be configured to store more than two levels or states of information.

A capacitor is one type of electronic component that may be used in a memory cell. A capacitor has two electrical conductors separated by electrically insulating material. Energy as an electric field may be electrostatically stored within such material. One type of capacitor is a ferroelectric capacitor which has ferroelectric material as at least part of the insulating material. Ferroelectric materials are characterized by having two stable polarized states. Polarization state of the ferroelectric material can be changed by application of suitable programming voltages, and remains after removal of the programming voltage (at least for a time). Each polarization state has a different charge-stored capacitance from the other, and which ideally can be used to write (i.e., store) and read a memory state without reversing the polarization state until such is desired to be reversed. Less desirable, in some memory having ferroelectric capacitors the act of reading the memory state can reverse the polarization. Accordingly, upon determining the polarization state, a re-write of the memory cell is conducted to put the memory cell into the pre-read state immediately after its determination. Regardless, a memory cell incorporating a ferroelectric capacitor ideally is non-volatile due to the bi-stable characteristics of the ferroelectric material that forms a part of the capacitor.

One type of memory cell has a select device electrically coupled in series with a ferroelectric capacitor. Current typically leaks through the select device to adjacent substrate material even when the select device is idle (i.e., when inactive or “off”). This leads to voltage drop at the adjacent electrode of the ferroelectric capacitor, thus creating a voltage differential between the two capacitor electrodes. This results in an electric field being applied across the ferroelectric material when the memory cell is idle. Even if small, such an electric field may start to flip individual dipoles in the ferroelectric material and continue until all are flipped, thus erasing a programmed state of the memory cell. This can occur over a small amount of time, thereby destroying or preventing non-volatility in the memory cell.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic-like diagrammatic view of a memory cell in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic sectional view of a portion of a memory cell in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 3 is a diagrammatic sectional view of a portion of a memory cell in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 4 is a diagrammatic sectional view of a portion of a memory cell in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 5 is a diagrammatic sectional view of a portion of a memory cell in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 6 is a top view of a memory cell of the FIG. 5 construction.

FIG. 7 is a diagrammatic sectional view of a portion of a memory cell in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 8 is a diagrammatic sectional view of a portion of a memory cell in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 9 is a diagrammatic sectional view of a portion of a memory cell in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 10 is a top view of a memory cell of the FIG. 9 construction.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXAMPLE EMBODIMENTS

A memory cell 10 in accordance with an embodiment of the invention is shown and initially described with reference to a schematic-like FIG. 1. Integrated circuitry (not shown) having memory cell 10 would likely have thousands or millions of such memory cells fabricated relative to a memory array or sub-array, and are not particularly material to the disclosure herein. Such arrays or sub-arrays would likely have a plurality of access lines and select lines having individual memory cells 10 there-between where such cross. Individual memory cells may be considered as comprising the portions of an individual access line and a crossing individual select line.

Memory cell 10 comprises a select device 12 and a capacitor 14 electrically coupled in series (i.e., circuit) with select device 12, for example by a conductive (i.e., electrically) path 16 as shown. Capacitor 14 in the depicted diagram may be considered as comprising two conductive capacitor electrodes 18 and 20 having ferroelectric material 19 there-between. Physically, path 16 may simply be a single electrode shared by capacitor 14 and select device 12. Capacitor 14 comprises an intrinsic current (i.e., electrical) leakage path from one of capacitor electrodes 18 or 20 to the other through ferroelectric material 19. Such intrinsic path is diagrammatically shown as a dashed line in a path 22 going around ferroelectric material 19 for clarity in FIG. 1. However in reality, path 22 would intrinsically/inherently be through ferroelectric material 19 to and between each of capacitor electrodes 18 and 20. Intrinsic path 22 will have some comparatively rather high overall/total resistance (i.e., electrical) which is diagrammatically indicated as a resistor 24 as device 14 in operation functions as a capacitor. Total resistance of resistor 24 will depend upon composition of ferroelectric material 19, thickness of ferroelectric material 19, and dipole orientation within ferroelectric material 19. Resistor 24 may inherently be a non-linear/variable resistor whereby its resistance is voltage dependent.

Memory cell 10 comprises a parallel (i.e., circuit-parallel) current leakage path 26 from one capacitor electrode 18 or 20 to the other. In one embodiment, parallel path 26 has a dominant band gap of 0.4 eV to 5.0 eV, and in one embodiment that is less than that of ferroelectric material 19. Such may be greater than dominant band gap of ferroelectric material 19 if parallel path 26 is sufficiently shorter in length than path 22. Regardless, in one embodiment parallel path 26 has some total resistance (e.g., shown as a resistor 28) that is lower than the total resistance of intrinsic path 22. By way of examples only, total resistance through intrinsic leakage path 22 may be 1×1011−1×1018 ohms and total resistance through parallel leakage path 26 may be 1×109−1×1017 ohms.

Select device 12 may be any existing or yet-to-be-developed select device, including multiple devices. Examples include diodes, field effect transistors, and bipolar transistors. In operation, select device 12 will exhibit current leakage when the memory cell is idle (i.e., when the integrated circuitry associated with memory cell 10 is operationally “on”, but no “read” or “write” operation of memory cell 10 is occurring). A select device current leakage path 30 exists, and is diagrammatically shown as a dashed line around select device 12, although such would be intrinsically/inherently through select device 12 or to underlying substrate (e.g, held at ground or other potential). Leakage path 30 is shown as having some total resistance 32. In one embodiment, parallel path 26 is configured so that current there-through when memory cell 10 is idle is greater than or equal to current leakage through path 30 when memory cell 10 is idle. Such will be dependent upon the construction and materials of select device 12, capacitor 14, parallel path 26, and upon voltages at various points within memory cell 10 in normal operation. Ideally and regardless, such enables voltage at electrodes 18 and 20 to be equal or at least very close to one another (e.g., within 50 millivolts) when idle whereby no or negligible electric field is created within ferroelectric material 19 when memory cell 10 is idle. For example and further, any voltage differential across the capacitor when idle ideally is such that any electric field in ferroelectric material 19 is at least 20 times lower than the intrinsic coercive field of ferroelectric field material 19. Such may preclude unintended dipole direction change within ferroelectric material 19. Alternately as examples, such may at least reduce risk of or increase time until unintended dipole direction change within ferroelectric material 19.

In one embodiment, resistor 28 in parallel path 26 is a non-linear resistor between capacitor electrodes 18 and 20 exhibiting overall higher resistance at higher voltages (e.g., between 1 to 5 Volts) than at lower voltages (e.g., less than 250 millivolts). Ideally, such a non-linear resistor is formed towards providing a greater magnitude of reduction of current leakage in parallel path 26 during higher voltage “read” and “write” operations as compared to when idle at lower voltage.

An access line and a select line (neither being shown) would likely be associated with memory cell 10. For example select device 12 may be a simple two terminal diode or other two terminal device. A cross point-like array construction may then be used whereby a conductive path 11 as part of capacitor electrode 18 connects with or is part of an access or select line (not shown) and a conductive path 13 as part of select device 12 connects with or is part of the other of an access or select line (not shown). As an alternate example, select device 12 may be a field effect transistor. Then, as an example, conductive path 11 may be part of a capacitor cell electrode 18 that is common to multiple capacitors 14 (not shown) within a memory array or sub-array, component 16 may be one source/drain region of the transistor, and component 13 may be the other. The gate (not shown) of the transistor may be a portion of an access line (not shown), and source/drain component 13 may connect with or be part of a sense line (not shown). Other architectures and constructions could alternately of course be used.

FIG. 2 diagrammatically shows an example physical construction of a portion of a memory cell 10 comprising capacitor 14 and parallel current leakage path 26. Like numerals from the above-described embodiments have been used where appropriate, with some differences being indicated with different numerals. Select device 12 (not shown) may be electrically coupled to either one of capacitor electrodes 18 or 20. Materials will be aside, elevationally inward, and elevationally outward of memory cell construction 10. For example, other partially or wholly fabricated components of integrated circuitry may be provided somewhere about construction 10, and are not particularly germane to the inventions disclosed herein (apart from inclusion of any suitable select device 12 as shown in the FIG. 1 schematic).

Example conductive materials for capacitor electrodes 18 and 20 include one or more of elemental metal, an alloy of two or more elemental metals, conductive metal compounds, and conductively doped semiconductive material. Example ferroelectric materials 19 include ferroelectrics that have one or more of transition metal oxide, zirconium, zirconium oxide, hafnium, hafnium oxide, lead zirconium titanate, and barium strontium titanate, and may have dopant therein which comprises one or more of silicon, aluminum, lanthanum, yttrium, erbium, calcium, magnesium, strontium, and a rare earth element. Two specific examples are Hf_(x)Si_(y)O_(z) and Hf_(x)Zr_(y)O_(z). Unless otherwise indicated, any of the materials and/or structures described herein may be homogenous or non-homogenous, and regardless may be continuous or discontinuous over any material which such overlie. Further, unless otherwise indicated, each material may be formed using any suitable existing or yet-to-be-developed technique, with atomic layer deposition, chemical vapor deposition, physical vapor deposition, epitaxial growth, diffusion doping, and ion implanting being examples. An example thickness for each of capacitor electrodes 18 and 20 is 25 to 300 Angstroms, while that for ferroelectric material 19 is 15 to 200 Angstroms. In this document, “thickness” by itself (no preceding directional adjective) is defined as the mean straight-line distance through a given material or region perpendicularly from a closest surface of an immediately adjacent material of different composition or of an immediately adjacent region. Additionally, the various materials described herein may be of substantially constant thickness or of variable thicknesses. If of variable thickness, thickness refers to average thickness unless otherwise indicated.

Parallel path 26 is shown as being encompassed by or within a material 34. Example material 34 includes one or more of amorphous silicon, polycrystalline silicon, germanium, chalcogenide (e.g., metal dichalcogenides), silicon-rich silicon nitride, silicon-rich silicon oxide, and intrinsically dielectric material suitably doped with conductivity increasing dopants (e.g., SiO₂ and/or and Si₃N₄ doped with one or more of Ti, Ta, Nb, Mo, Sr, Y, Cr, Hf, Zr, and lanthanide series ions). Material 34, and thereby parallel path 26, may predominantly (i.e., more than 50 atomic %) comprise such material(s). Any of these materials may be doped or undoped to provide desired total resistance for current leakage flow there-through when memory cell 10 is idle. In one embodiment, material 34 is homogenous whereby parallel path 26 between capacitor electrodes 18 and 20 is homogenous. In one embodiment, material 34 is non-homogenous whereby parallel path 26 between capacitor electrodes 18 and 20 is non-homogenous. In an embodiment where material 34 and thereby parallel path 26 are non-homogenous, parallel path 26 may have multiple band gaps due to different composition materials therein having different band gaps. Yet, parallel path 26 will have a dominant (meaning controlling) band gap of 0.4 eV to 5.0 eV likely dependent on the respective volumes of the individual different materials within parallel path 26. Accordingly and regardless, “dominant” is used and applies herein regardless of homogeneity of the particular path/material. In one embodiment, dominant band gap of ferroelectric material 19 may be lower than that of parallel path 26. In one embodiment, minimum length of parallel path 26 is made longer than minimum thickness of ferroelectric material 19. As one example, such a length relationship may be used when density of states in the parallel path is equal to or greater than that in the ferroelectric material when dominant band gaps of the ferroelectric material and parallel path are about the same. As another example, such a length relationship may be used when density of states in the parallel path is equal to or greater than that in the ferroelectric material when dominant band gap of the ferroelectric material is less than that of the parallel path.

In one embodiment and as shown in FIG. 2, material 34 and thereby parallel path 26 are directly against ferroelectric material 19. In this document, a material or structure is “directly against” another when there is at least some physical touching contact of the stated materials or structures relative one another. In contrast, “over”, “on”, and “against” not preceded by “directly”, encompass “directly against” as well as construction where intervening material(s) or structure(s) result(s) in no physical touching contact of the stated materials or structures relative one another. If two stated materials are not directly against one another, a material of different composition is there-between. As used herein, “different composition” only requires those portions of two stated materials that may be directly against one another to be chemically and/or physically different, for example if such materials are not homogenous. If the two stated materials are not directly against one another, “different composition” only requires that those portions of the two stated materials that are closest to one another be chemically and/or physically different if such materials are not homogenous. FIG. 3 depicts an alternate embodiment memory cell 10 a wherein parallel path 26 is not directly against ferroelectric material 19 a. Like numerals from the above-described embodiments have been used where appropriate, with some construction differences being indicated with the suffix “a” or with different numerals. Capacitor 14 a is shown as comprising some material 21 (e.g., dielectric material such as silicon dioxide and/or silicon nitride) spaced between materials 34 and 19 a whereby parallel path 26 is not directly against ferroelectric material 19 a. Any other attribute(s) or construction(s) as described above may be used.

FIG. 4 shows another example embodiment memory cell 10 b. Like numerals from the above-described embodiments have been used where appropriate, with some construction differences being indicated with the suffix “b” or different numerals. Material 34 b in memory cell 10 b (and thereby parallel path 26 b) is essentially shown as passing through ferroelectric material 19 b, thereby constituting an internal part of capacitor construction 14 b and having two lateral sides 35 (i.e., in at least one straight-line cross section) each of which is directly against ferroelectric material 19 b. Any other attribute(s) or construction(s) as described above may be used.

The parallel current leakage path may have minimum length which is equal to, more than, or less than minimum thickness of the ferroelectric material between the two capacitor electrodes. In one embodiment, the parallel path has minimum length within 5% of minimum thickness of the ferroelectric material between the two capacitor electrodes. FIGS. 2-4 essentially show parallel path 26 as having minimum length that is substantially equal to minimum thickness of ferroelectric material 19/19 a/19 b. For example even in the FIG. 2 and FIG. 3 embodiments, the shortest path (e.g., minimum length) through material 34 is from the lowest right corner of material of capacitor electrode 18 to the uppermost right corner of material of electrode 20 even though for clarity in FIGS. 2 and 3 parallel path 26 is diagrammatically shown as a wide arcuate-path through material 34. In some embodiments, the parallel path may have minimum length greater than minimum thickness of the ferroelectric material between the two capacitor electrodes, in one embodiment being within 30% thereof, and in one embodiment being at least twice thereof.

Another example embodiment memory cell 10 c is shown in FIGS. 5 and 6. Like numerals from the above-described embodiments have been used where appropriate, with some construction differences being indicated with the suffix “c” or with different numerals. Capacitor 14 c comprises first conductive capacitor electrode 20 c having a base 40 and laterally-spaced (i.e., in at least one straight-line cross section) walls 42 extending there-from. Laterally-spaced walls 42 have facing side surfaces 43. Second conductive capacitor electrode 18 c is laterally between walls 42 of first capacitor electrode 20 c. Ferroelectric material 19 c is laterally between walls 42 of first capacitor electrode 20 c and laterally between second capacitor electrode 18 c and first capacitor electrode 20 c. In one embodiment, ferroelectric material 19 c comprises laterally-spaced walls 45 (FIG. 5) having side surfaces 44. Capacitor 14 c comprises intrinsic current leakage path 22 from one of first and second capacitor electrodes 20 c and 18 c to the other through ferroelectric material 19 c.

A parallel current leakage path 26 c is between second capacitor electrode 18 c and a surface 41 of base 40 of first capacitor electrode 20 c. Parallel path 26 is circuit-parallel intrinsic path 22 and of lower total resistance than intrinsic path 22. In one embodiment, parallel path 26 c is within and through a material 34 c having a dominant band gap of 0.4 eV to 5.0 eV, and in one embodiment that is less than band gap of ferroelectric material 19 c. FIG. 5 shows an example embodiment wherein minimum length of parallel path 26 c is more than twice as great as minimum thickness of ferroelectric material 19 c. In one embodiment, material 34 c is directly against surface 41 of base 40 of first capacitor electrode 42. In one embodiment, material 34 c is directly against side surfaces 44 of laterally-spaced walls 45 of ferroelectric material 19 c. A select device 12 (not shown) would be electrically coupled in series with capacitor 14 c, specifically, being electrically coupled in series with one of first capacitor electrode 20 c or second capacitor electrode 18 c. In one embodiment and as shown, material 34 c is not directly against side surfaces 43 of laterally-spaced walls 42 of first capacitor electrode 20 c. In one embodiment and as shown, first capacitor electrode 20 c comprises an annulus 48, and in one embodiment ferroelectric material 19 c comprises an annulus 50. Any other attribute(s) or construction(s) as described above may be used.

Any suitable technique may be used for making the FIGS. 5 and 6 construction. As an example, first capacitor electrode 20 c and ferroelectric material 19 c may be formed as respective linings within an opening in dielectric material (not shown). Then, ferroelectric material 19 c may be anisotropically etched through its base to produce the material 19 c construction as shown in FIG. 5. Material 34 c may then be deposited and etched back to produce its construction as shown in FIG. 5, followed by deposition and polish-back or etch-back of material 18 c.

FIG. 7 depicts an alternate embodiment memory cell 10 d to that shown by FIGS. 5 and 6. Like numerals from the above-described embodiments have been used where appropriate, with some construction differences being indicated with the suffix “d” or with different numerals. Ferroelectric material 19 d has a base 54 from which laterally-spaced walls 45 extend. Material 34 d extends through base 54 of ferroelectric material 19 d. In one embodiment and as shown, material 34 d is not directly against lateral side surfaces 44 of laterally-spaced walls 45 of ferroelectric material 19 d. A select device 12 (not shown) would be electrically coupled in series with capacitor 14 d, specifically to one of capacitor electrodes 18 d or 20 c. Any suitable technique may of course be used for making the FIG. 7 construction. For example, first capacitor electrode 20 c and ferroelectric material 19 d may be formed as respective linings within an opening in dielectric material (not shown). Then, material 18 d may initially be formed as a lining within the remaining opening having ferroelectric material 19 d as its sidewalls, and leaving a void-space having lateral width equal to that of material 34 d. The material 18 d lining may then be anisotropically etched through its base. This is followed by etching through the base of ferroelectric material 19 d to material 20 c to produce the final construction of material 19 d shown in FIG. 7. Material 34 d may then be deposited and etched back to produce its final construction, followed by deposition and polish-back or etch-back of remaining material 18 d. Any other attribute(s) or construction(s) as described above may be used.

Another embodiment memory cell 10 e is shown in FIG. 8. Like numerals from the above-described embodiments have been used where appropriate, with some construction differences being indicated with the suffix “e” or with different numerals. First capacitor electrode 20 c has laterally-spaced walls 42 regardless of whether having a base 40. Parallel current leakage path 26 e within material 34 e is between second capacitor electrode 18 c and a surface 60 of laterally-spaced walls 42 of first capacitor electrode 20 c. In one embodiment and as shown, surface 60 comprises a lateral side surface of laterally-spaced walls 42 of first capacitor electrode 20 c. Regardless, in one embodiment and as shown, material 34 e is directly against surface 60 of walls 42 of first capacitor electrode 20 c. In one embodiment where first capacitor electrode 20 c has a base 40 from which laterally-spaced walls 42 extend, material 34 e may be directly against a surface 61 of base 40 of first capacitor electrode 20 c. A select device 12 (not shown) would be electrically coupled in series with capacitor 14 e, specifically to one of capacitor electrodes 18 c or 20 c. Any suitable technique may of course be used for making the FIG. 8 construction. For example, first capacitor electrode 20 c may be formed as a lining within an opening in dielectric material (not shown). Material 34 e may then be deposited and etched back to produce its construction as shown in FIG. 8. This may be followed by deposition of ferroelectric material 19 e as a lining within the remaining opening, and subsequently anisotropically etching it through the base of material 19 e. Material 18 c may then be deposited and polished or etched back to its depicted final construction. Any other attribute(s) or construction(s) as described above may be used.

Another embodiment memory cell 10 f is shown in FIGS. 9 and 10. Like numerals from the above-described embodiments have been used where appropriate, with some construction differences being indicated with the suffix “f” or with different numerals. Memory cell 10 f is somewhat similar to memory cell 10 e in that a parallel current leakage path 26 f is between second capacitor electrode 18 f and a surface of laterally-spaced walls 42 of first capacitor electrode 20 c. However in memory cell 10 f, such surface comprises an elevationally outermost surface 65 of laterally-spaced walls 42 of first capacitor electrode 20 c. Further in one embodiment and as shown, material 34 f is directly against an elevationally outermost surface 66 of ferroelectric material 19 f. Further in one embodiment and as shown, material 34 f comprises an annulus 70. Any suitable technique may of course be used for making the FIGS. 9 and 10 construction. For example, first capacitor electrode 20 c and ferroelectric material 19 f may be formed as respective linings within an opening in dielectric material (not shown). Material 18 f may then be deposited to fill the remaining opening having ferroelectric material 19 f as its sidewalls. Then, materials 20 c, 19 f, and 18 f may be collectively etched or polished back to the elevation of surfaces 65 and 66. Material 34 f may then be deposited as a lining within the remaining opening and subsequently anisotropically etching material 34 f through its base to produce its final construction as shown in FIGS. 9 and 10. Remaining material 18 f may then be deposited and polished or etched back to its depicted final construction. Any other attribute(s) or construction(s) as described above may be used.

In one embodiment, a memory cell (e.g., 10 e or 10 f) has a first capacitor electrode 20 c comprising an annulus 48. Second capacitor electrode 18 c/18 f is radially within annulus 48 of first capacitor electrode 20 c. Ferroelectric material 19 e/19 f is radially within annulus 48 of first capacitor electrode 20 c. Capacitor 14 e/14 f comprises an intrinsic current leakage path 22 from one of the first and second capacitor electrodes to the other through ferroelectric material 19 e/19 f. Parallel current leakage path 26 e/26 f is between second capacitor electrode 18 c/18 f and a surface of annulus 48 of first capacitor electrode 20 c. Parallel path 26 e/26 f is circuit-parallel intrinsic path 22 and of lower electric total resistance than intrinsic path 22.

In one embodiment, material 34 f comprises an annulus 70. In one embodiment, material 34 f is directly against an elevationally outermost surface 65 of annulus 48. In one embodiment, ferroelectric material 19 f comprises an annulus 50 f and material 34 f is directly against an elevationally outmost surface 66 of annulus 50 f. Any other attribute(s) or construction(s) as described above may be used.

CONCLUSION

In some embodiments, a memory cell comprises a select device and a capacitor electrically coupled in series with the select device. The capacitor comprises two conductive capacitor electrodes having ferroelectric material there-between. The capacitor comprises an intrinsic current leakage path from one of the capacitor electrodes to the other through the ferroelectric material. There is a parallel current leakage path from the one capacitor electrode to the other. The parallel current leakage path is circuit-parallel the intrinsic path and of lower total resistance than the intrinsic path.

In some embodiments, a memory cell comprises a select device and a capacitor electrically coupled in series with the select device. The capacitor comprises two conductive capacitor electrodes having ferroelectric material there-between. The capacitor comprises an intrinsic current leakage path from one of the capacitor electrodes to the other through the ferroelectric material. There is a parallel current leakage path from the one capacitor electrode to the other. The parallel current leakage path is circuit-parallel the intrinsic path and has a dominant band gap of 0.4 eV to 5.0 eV.

In some embodiments, a memory cell comprises a select device and a capacitor electrically coupled in series with the select device. The capacitor comprises a first conductive capacitor electrode having a base and laterally-spaced walls extending there-from. A second conductive capacitor electrode is laterally between the walls of the first capacitor electrode. A ferroelectric material is laterally between the walls of the first capacitor electrode and laterally between the second capacitor electrode and the first capacitor electrode. The capacitor comprises an intrinsic current leakage path from one of the first and second capacitor electrodes to the other through the ferroelectric material. There is a parallel current leakage path is between the second capacitor electrode and a surface of the base of the first capacitor electrode. The parallel current leakage path is circuit-parallel the intrinsic path and of lower total resistance than the intrinsic path.

In some embodiments, a memory cell comprises a select device and a capacitor electrically coupled in series with the select device. The capacitor comprises a first conductive capacitor electrode having laterally-spaced walls. A second conductive capacitor electrode is laterally between the walls of the first capacitor electrode. Ferroelectric material is laterally between the walls of the first capacitor electrode and laterally between the second capacitor electrode and the first capacitor electrode. The capacitor comprises an intrinsic current leakage path from one of the first and second capacitor electrodes to the other through the ferroelectric material. There is a parallel current leakage path between the second capacitor electrode and a surface of the laterally-spaced walls of the first capacitor electrode. The parallel current leakage path is circuit-parallel the intrinsic path and of lower total resistance than the intrinsic path.

In some embodiments, a memory cell comprises a select device and a capacitor electrically coupled in series with the select device. The capacitor comprises a first conductive capacitor electrode comprising an annulus. A second conductive capacitor electrode is radially within the annulus of the first capacitor electrode. Ferroelectric material is radially within the annulus of the first capacitor electrode between the second capacitor electrode and the first capacitor electrode. The capacitor comprises an intrinsic current leakage path from one of the first and second capacitor electrodes to the other through the ferroelectric material. There is a parallel current leakage path is between the second capacitor electrode and a surface of the annulus of the first capacitor electrode. The parallel current leakage path is circuit-parallel the intrinsic path and of lower total resistance than the intrinsic path.

In compliance with the statute, the subject matter disclosed herein has been described in language more or less specific as to structural and methodical features. It is to be understood, however, that the claims are not limited to the specific features shown and described, since the means herein disclosed comprise example embodiments. The claims are thus to be afforded full scope as literally worded, and to be appropriately interpreted in accordance with the doctrine of equivalents. 

The invention claimed is:
 1. A memory cell, comprising: a capacitor comprising two conductive capacitor electrodes having ferroelectric material there-between, the capacitor comprising an intrinsic current leakage path from one of the capacitor electrodes to the other through the ferroelectric material; and a parallel current leakage path from the one capacitor electrode to the other, the parallel current leakage path being circuit-parallel the intrinsic current leakage path and of lower total resistance than the intrinsic current leakage path, the parallel current leakage path not being directly against the ferroelectric material, the parallel current leakage path comprising a non-linear resistor between the two capacitor electrodes exhibiting higher resistance at higher voltages than at lower voltages.
 2. The memory cell of claim 1 wherein the memory cell comprises a select device; in operation, the select device exhibits current leakage when the memory cell is idle, the parallel current leakage path being configured so that current there-through when the memory cell is idle is greater than or equal to said current leakage of the select device when the memory cell is idle.
 3. The memory cell of claim 2 wherein the parallel current leakage path is configured so that current there-through when the memory cell is idle is no more than one nanoampere.
 4. The memory cell of claim 1 wherein the parallel current leakage path has a dominant band gap of 0.4 eV to 5.0 eV and that is less than dominant band gap of the ferroelectric material.
 5. The memory cell of claim 1 wherein, in operation, any voltage differential across the capacitor when idle is such that any electric field in the ferroelectric material is at least 20 times lower than an intrinsic coercive field of the ferroelectric material.
 6. A memory cell, comprising: a capacitor comprising two conductive capacitor electrodes having ferroelectric material there-between, the capacitor comprising an intrinsic current leakage path from one of the capacitor electrodes to the other through the ferroelectric material; and a parallel current leakage path from the one capacitor electrode to the other, the parallel current leakage path being circuit-parallel the intrinsic current leakage path and of lower total resistance than the intrinsic current leakage path, the parallel current leakage path not being directly against the ferroelectric material, the parallel current leakage path having minimum length greater than minimum thickness of the ferroelectric material between the two capacitor electrodes.
 7. The memory cell of claim 6 wherein the minimum length of the parallel current leakage path is at least twice the minimum thickness of the ferroelectric material.
 8. The memory cell of claim 6 wherein the minimum length of the parallel current leakage path is within 130% of the minimum thickness of the ferroelectric material.
 9. A memory cell, comprising: a capacitor comprising two conductive capacitor electrodes having ferroelectric material there-between, the capacitor comprising an intrinsic current leakage path from one of the capacitor electrodes to the other through the ferroelectric material; and a parallel current leakage path from the one capacitor electrode to the other, the parallel current leakage path being circuit-parallel the intrinsic current leakage path and of lower total resistance than the intrinsic current leakage path, the parallel current leakage path not being directly against the ferroelectric material, the dominant band gap of the ferroelectric material being equal to or less than that of the parallel current leakage path.
 10. A memory cell, comprising: a capacitor comprising two conductive capacitor electrodes having ferroelectric material there-between, the capacitor comprising an intrinsic current leakage path from one of the capacitor electrodes to the other through the ferroelectric material; and a parallel current leakage path from the one capacitor electrode to the other, the parallel current leakage path being circuit-parallel the intrinsic current leakage path and of lower total resistance than the intrinsic current leakage path, the parallel current leakage path not being directly against the ferroelectric material, the parallel current leakage path having minimum length within 95% to 105% of minimum thickness of the ferroelectric material between the two capacitor electrodes.
 11. A memory cell, comprising: a capacitor comprising two conductive capacitor electrodes having ferroelectric material there-between, the capacitor comprising an intrinsic current leakage path from one of the capacitor electrodes to the other through the ferroelectric material; and a parallel current leakage path from the one capacitor electrode to the other, the parallel current leakage path being circuit-parallel the intrinsic current leakage path, the parallel current leakage path having a dominant band gap of 0.4 eV to 5.0 eV, the parallel current leakage path not being directly against the ferroelectric material, the parallel current leakage path predominantly comprises one or more of amorphous silicon and germanium.
 12. The memory cell of claim 11 wherein the dominant band gap of the parallel current leakage path is less than dominant band gap of the ferroelectric material.
 13. The memory cell of claim 11 wherein the parallel current leakage path where between the two capacitor electrodes is homogenous.
 14. The memory cell of claim 11 wherein the memory cell comprises a select device; in operation, the select device exhibits current leakage when the memory cell is idle, the parallel current leakage path being configured so that current there-through when the memory cell is idle is greater than or equal to said current leakage of the select device when the memory cell is idle.
 15. A memory cell, comprising: a capacitor comprising two conductive capacitor electrodes having ferroelectric material there-between, the capacitor comprising an intrinsic current leakage path from one of the capacitor electrodes to the other through the ferroelectric material; and a parallel current leakage path from the one capacitor electrode to the other, the parallel current leakage path being circuit-parallel the intrinsic current leakage path, the parallel current leakage path having a dominant band gap of 0.4 eV to 5.0 eV, the parallel current leakage path not being directly against the ferroelectric material, the parallel current leakage path predominantly comprising one or more chalcogenides.
 16. A memory cell, comprising: a capacitor comprising two conductive capacitor electrodes having ferroelectric material there-between, the capacitor comprising an intrinsic current leakage path from one of the capacitor electrodes to the other through the ferroelectric material; and a parallel current leakage path from the one capacitor electrode to the other, the parallel current leakage path being circuit-parallel the intrinsic current leakage path, the parallel current leakage path having a dominant band gap of 0.4 eV to 5.0 eV, the parallel current leakage path not being directly against the ferroelectric material, the parallel current leakage path predominantly comprising one or more of silicon-rich silicon nitride, silicon-rich silicon oxide, and intrinsically dielectric material doped with conductivity increasing dopants.
 17. The memory cell of claim 16 wherein the parallel current leakage path comprises silicon-rich silicon nitride.
 18. The memory cell of claim 16 wherein the parallel current leakage path comprises silicon-rich silicon oxide.
 19. The memory cell of claim 16 wherein the parallel current leakage path comprises intrinsically dielectric material doped with conductivity increasing dopants.
 20. A memory cell, comprising: a capacitor comprising two conductive capacitor electrodes having ferroelectric material there-between, the capacitor comprising an intrinsic current leakage path from one of the capacitor electrodes to the other through the ferroelectric material; and a parallel current leakage path from the one capacitor electrode to the other, the parallel current leakage path being circuit-parallel the intrinsic current leakage path, the parallel current leakage path having a dominant band gap of 0.4 eV to 5.0 eV, the parallel current leakage path not being directly against the ferroelectric material, the parallel current leakage path where between the two capacitor electrodes being non-homogenous.
 21. A memory cell, comprising: a capacitor comprising two conductive capacitor electrodes having ferroelectric material there-between, the capacitor comprising an intrinsic current leakage path from one of the capacitor electrodes to the other through the ferroelectric material; and a parallel current leakage path from the one capacitor electrode to the other, the parallel current leakage path being circuit-parallel the intrinsic current leakage path and of lower total resistance than the intrinsic current leakage path, the parallel current leakage path comprising one or more of amorphous silicon, germanium, a metal dichalcogenide, silicon-rich silicon nitride, silicon-rich silicon oxide, and intrinsically dielectric material comprising at least one of SiO₂ and Si₃N₄ doped with one or more of Ti, Ta, Nb, Mo, Sr, Y, Cr, Hf, Zr, and lanthanide series ions.
 22. The memory cell of claim 21 wherein the parallel current leakage path comprises amorphous silicon.
 23. The memory cell of claim 21 wherein the parallel current leakage path comprises germanium.
 24. The memory cell of claim 21 wherein the parallel current leakage path comprises a metal dichalcogenide.
 25. The memory cell of claim 21 wherein the parallel current leakage path comprises silicon-rich silicon nitride.
 26. The memory cell of claim 21 wherein the parallel current leakage path comprises silicon-rich silicon oxide.
 27. The memory cell of claim 21 wherein the parallel current leakage path comprises intrinsically dielectric material comprising SiO₂ doped with one or more of Ti, Ta, Nb, Mo, Sr, Y, Cr, Hf, Zr, and lanthanide series ions.
 28. The memory cell of claim 21 wherein the parallel current leakage path comprises intrinsically dielectric material comprising Si₃N₄ doped with one or more of Ti, Ta, Nb, Mo, Sr, Y, Cr, Hf, Zr, and lanthanide series ions. 